Sciences

 History of chemotherapy: The concept of using chemicals to treat disease was emerging at 19th century but initiated at 20th century. World war I was the base for finding that Exposure to mustard gas was found to suppress bone marrow function, leading researchers to investigate its potential in treating leukemia, a cancer of the blood. 1940s: The first true chemotherapy drug, nitrogen mustard, was developed and used to treat lymphoma. 1950s: Folic acid antagonists, like methotrexate, were developed. 1980s and 1990s: New classes of chemotherapy drugs, such as topoisomerase inhibitors and taxanes, were introduced. 21st century: personalized  medicine, tailoring chemotherapy regimens to individual patients based on their genetic makeup and tumor characteristics. Chemotherapeutic agents are drugs used to treat cancer. They work by targeting and killing rapidly dividing cells, a hallmark of cancer. Types of mechanism:   Alkylating agents: These drugs damage DNA, preventing...

 Separation techniques: Thin layer chromatography. Gas chromatography. High performance liquid chromatography. Column chromatography. Other techniques: Fractional distillation. Crystallization. solvent Partitioning. Thin layer chromatography: Preparation: A thin layer of adsorbent material (like silica gel) is coated onto a solid support (usually glass, plastic, or aluminum). Spotting: A small amount of the mixture you want to separate is applied as a spot near the bottom of the TLC plate. Development: The TLC plate is placed in a container with a solvent (or a mixture of solvents) called the mobile phase. The solvent travels up the plate by capillary action. Separation: As the solvent moves, it carries the components of the mixture with it.   Visualization: Once the solvent has traveled a certain distance, the plate is removed from the container. The separated compounds may be visible, or they may need to be visualized using UV light, chemical sprays, or other metho...