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DOWNSTREAM PROCESS

Introduction of downstream processing: Downstream processing (DSP) refers to the series of operations that occur after the production or synthesis of a desired product in a biological system (like a cell culture or fermentation broth). Importance of downstream process: Product Quality: DSP removes impurities like cell debris, proteins, DNA, endotoxins, and other contaminants that could affect the safety and efficacy of the final product. Regulatory Compliance: Stringent regulatory standards require biopharmaceuticals and other biological products to be highly pure and well-characterized. DSP plays a critical role in meeting these standards. Commercialization: DSP transforms a crude mixture into a marketable product with the desired purity, concentration, and formulation. Steps in process: Solid-Liquid Separation. Product Isolation. Product Purification. Polishing. Formulation. Principles of downstream process: Downstream processing (DSP) is governed by several key prin...

SOIL MICROBIOLOGY

Microbes in cell Microbes: Microbes are tiny living organisms that are too small to see by our naked eye. There are diverse groups of microbes which are Bacteria: single celled organism with no nucleus can be found anywhere from soil to human digestive system. Archaea: These are similar to bacteria but with different genetic and biochemical pathway. Many archaea can survive and live in extreme conditions. Fungi: Can be single or multicellular plays a major role as decomposers in soil and used in food productions. Protists: A group of eukaryotes with a nucleus it includes algae. Viruses: Nonliving organism under microbes which replicates inside the host cells. Microbe interaction with cell Beneficial: Both gets benefited in this relationship like mutualism. Harmful: One gets harmed or killed in this process, while other gets benefitted in this. Neutral: No harm or benefit to both cell and microbes in it. Importance of microbes in cell Nutrient Cycling: Microbes break d...

TECHNIQUES TO SEPERATE AND CHARACTERS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS

Separation techniques: Thin layer chromatography. Gas chromatography. High performance liquid chromatography. Column chromatography. Other techniques: Fractional distillation. Crystallization. solvent Partitioning. Thin layer chromatography: Preparation: A thin layer of adsorbent material (like silica gel) is coated onto a solid support (usually glass, plastic, or aluminum). Spotting: A small amount of the mixture you want to separate is applied as a spot near the bottom of the TLC plate. Development: The TLC plate is placed in a container with a solvent (or a mixture of solvents) called the mobile phase. The solvent travels up the plate by capillary action. Separation: As the solvent moves, it carries the components of the mixture with it. Visualization: Once the solvent has traveled a certain distance, the plate is removed from the container. The separated compounds may be visible, or they may need to be visualized using UV light, chemical sprays, or other metho...

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